What does an autoclave use to achieve sterilization?

An autoclave achieves sterilization primarily through the use of steam under pressure. This method is highly effective because the combination of steam and elevated pressure raises the temperature of the steam above its normal boiling point. Typically, steam must reach a temperature of at least 121 degrees Celsius (250 degrees Fahrenheit) for effective sterilization, and this is achieved within the autoclave by creating a pressurized environment.

The moist heat created by the steam penetrates materials and destroys microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores, ensuring that all surfaces of the instruments or materials being sterilized are adequately treated. The steam's ability to condense on surfaces helps facilitate the transfer of heat and contributes to the thoroughness of the sterilization process.

While other methods such as dry heat, ultraviolet light, and chemical agents can also be used for sterilization, they operate on different principles and may not achieve the same level of efficacy or may be suitable for different contexts and materials. For instance, dry heat sterilization requires higher temperatures over longer periods and may not be suitable for all types of instruments. Thus, the use of steam under pressure is the most recognized and standard method for sterilizing equipment in various settings, particularly in medical and esthetic practices.